← Education & Training Development Division

Assessment & Certification Center

Designs assessment instruments and manages certification programs to ensure competency and quality assurance, implementing formative and summative assessments that credential learners against professional standards such as AAPG and SEG.

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Curriculum Development & Design Center Professional Training & Skills Center Educational Technology & Innovation Center Assessment & Certification Center

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⭐ Center Chief

Lee Cronbach

Center Head

💡 Cronbach's alpha, educational assessment

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1912–2000

Frederic M. Lord

Researcher

💡 Pioneered the application of item response theory to practical testing problems, laying the statistical foundation for computerized adaptive testing used by the SAT, GRE, GMAT, LSAT and TOEFL

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1916–1987

Louis Guttman

Researcher

💡 Developed Guttman scaling (scalogram analysis), a deterministic latent-structure model that classifies respondents into discrete, ordered attribute patterns — the conceptual ancestor of modern cognitive diagnostic models

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1901–1978

E. F. Lindquist

Researcher

💡 Created the ACT college admissions test and the Iowa Testing Programs, and pioneered large-scale machine-scored standardized test development

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1921–2012

Robert Glaser

Researcher

💡 Coined and developed criterion-referenced testing, interpreting scores against fixed competency standards rather than a norm group, and pioneered individually prescribed instruction

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1903–1996

Harold Gulliksen

Researcher

💡 Author of Theory of Mental Tests (1950), the standard synthesis of classical test theory and reliability estimation

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1919–2002

Nathan Mantel

Researcher

💡 Co-developed (with William Haenszel) the Mantel-Haenszel procedure, later adapted by ETS researchers as the standard statistical test for differential item functioning

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1910–2004

Ledyard Tucker

Researcher

💡 Developed foundational test equating procedures (Tucker equating) and precursor work later formalized as the Angoff standard-setting method

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1928–2023

Michael Scriven

Researcher

💡 Coined the formative/summative distinction in evaluation and developed goal-free evaluation methodology

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1915–2004

Goldine Gleser

Researcher

💡 Co-developed generalizability theory with Lee Cronbach, Nageswari Rajaratnam and Harinder Nanda, extending reliability theory to multi-facet measurement designs

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1901–1980

Georg Rasch

Researcher

💡 Developed the Rasch (one-parameter logistic) model, founding modern item response theory and the property of specific objectivity

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1890–1943

Carl Brigham

Researcher

💡 Created the SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test) for the College Board, establishing the modern norm-referenced large-scale aptitude testing paradigm

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1950–2015

Grant Wiggins

Researcher

💡 Co-created (with Jay McTighe) Understanding by Design, the backward-design framework for building performance tasks and scoring rubrics around transferable understanding

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1902–1994

Ralph W. Tyler

Researcher

💡 Founded modern program evaluation methodology (the 'Tyler rationale') and chaired the committee that created the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), earning the title 'father of educational evaluation and assessment'

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1937–2023

Fred M. Newmann

Researcher

💡 Developed the framework of authentic intellectual work and authentic assessment criteria, linking student portfolios and tasks to real-world-relevant standards of scholarship

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1920–1993

William H. Angoff

Researcher

💡 Developed the (modified) Angoff method for judgmentally setting cut scores on certification and licensure examinations

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1903–1981

Rensis Likert

Researcher

💡 Developed the Likert scale, the summated multi-item rating-scale method now used worldwide to measure attitudes, satisfaction, and self-reported competencies

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1921–2016

David Krathwohl

Researcher

💡 Co-authored (with Benjamin Bloom) the Affective Domain handbook of the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, and later co-led its 2001 cognitive-domain revision

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center

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1931–1998

Samuel Messick

Researcher

💡 Formulated the unified theory of validity treating construct validity as the whole of validity, including consequences of test use

🎓 Education & Training Development DivisionAssessment & Certification Center